Superior Detection of Faces in Male Infants at 2 Months     

Sarah E. Maylott  Jilian R. Sansone  Krisztina V. Jakobsen  Elizabeth A. Simpson 《Child development》2021,92(4):e621-e634

Females generally attend more to social information than males; however, little is known about the early development of these sex differences. With eye tracking, 2-month olds’ (N = 101; 44 females) social orienting to faces was measured within four-item image arrays. Infants were more likely to detect human faces compared to objects, suggesting a functional face detection system. Unexpectedly, males looked longer at human faces than females, and only males looked faster and longer at human faces compared to objects. Females, in contrast, looked less at human faces relative to animal faces and objects, appearing socially disinterested. Notably, this is the first report of a male face detection advantage at any age. These findings suggest a unique stage in early infant social development.  相似文献   

Analyzing student thinking reflected in self-constructed cognitive maps and its influence on inquiry task performance     

Chen  Juanjuan  Wang  Minhong  Dede  Chris  Grotzer  Tina A. 《Instructional Science》2021,49(3):287-312

Instructional Science - Higher-order thinking is crucial to inquiry learning. It is important to investigate how students think in inquiry contexts. Given the tacit nature of higher-order thinking,...  相似文献   

IT Takes a Village: A Case Study of Internal and External Supports of an Urban High School Magnet Career Academy     

Fletcher  Edward C.  Smith  Chrystal A. S.  Hernandez-Gantes  Victor M. 《The Urban Review》2021,53(4):681-707

The Urban Review - The purpose of this study was to examine internal and external supports of an information technology themed (whole school) urban magnet high school located in a low-income urban...  相似文献   

How students conceptualize grade‐based acceleration in inclusive settings     

Lynn Dare  Elizabeth A. Nowicki  Lori L. Murray 《Psychology in the schools》2021,58(1):33-50

Despite extensive research supporting educational acceleration for students with high academic ability, some psychologists, counselors, and educators express concerns about accelerative interventions. Such concerns often hinge on uncertainty about social acceptance, even in inclusive education settings. Research on acceleration has consistently shown benefits for students with high ability; however, there is a lack of research about grade‐based acceleration in inclusive schools. This study engaged two groups of students in group concept mapping processes to examine how they conceptualized beliefs about grade‐based acceleration in inclusive schools. First, 26 students in inclusive classes generated beliefs about grade‐based acceleration. Then they, and a group of 14 students with high ability, structured the data by sorting and rating a synthesized list of the generated beliefs. We analyzed the sorted data using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. The resultant cluster maps revealed some differences and some similarities in the ways that the two groups of students conceptualized beliefs about educational acceleration. Practical implications are discussed.  相似文献   

Perceptual Access Reasoning (PAR) in Developing a Representational Theory of Mind     

William V. Fabricius  Christopher R. Gonzales  Annelise Pesch  Amy A. Weimer  John Pugliese  Kathleen Carroll  Rebecca R. Bolnick  Anne S. Kupfer  Nancy Eisenberg  Tracy L. Spinrad 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2021,86(3):7-154

An important part of children's social and cognitive development is their understanding that people are psychological beings with internal, mental states including desire, intention, perception, and belief. A full understanding of people as psychological beings requires a representational theory of mind (ToM), which is an understanding that mental states can faithfully represent reality, or misrepresent reality. For the last 35 years, researchers have relied on false-belief tasks as the gold standard to test children's understanding that beliefs can misrepresent reality. In false-belief tasks, children are asked to reason about the behavior of agents who have false beliefs about situations. Although a large body of evidence indicates that most children pass false-belief tasks by the end of the preschool years, the evidence we present in this monograph suggests that most children do not understand false beliefs or, surprisingly, even true beliefs until middle childhood. We argue that young children pass false-belief tasks without understanding false beliefs by using perceptual access reasoning (PAR). With PAR, children understand that seeing leads to knowing in the moment, but not that knowing also arises from thinking or persists as memory and belief after the situation changes. By the same token, PAR leads children to fail true-belief tasks. PAR theory can account for performance on other traditional tests of representational ToM and related tasks, and can account for the factors that have been found to correlate with or affect both true- and false-belief performance. The theory provides a new laboratory measure which we label the belief understanding scale (BUS). This scale can distinguish between a child who is operating with PAR versus a child who is understanding beliefs. This scale provides a method needed to allow the study of the development of representational ToM. In this monograph, we report the outcome of the tests that we have conducted of predictions generated by PAR theory. The findings demonstrated signature PAR limitations in reasoning about the mind during the ages when children are hypothesized to be using PAR. In Chapter II, secondary analyses of the published true-belief literature revealed that children failed several types of true-belief tasks. Chapters III through IX describe new empirical data collected across multiple studies between 2003 and 2014 from 580 children aged 4–7 years, as well as from a small sample of 14 adults. Participants were recruited from the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. All participants were native English-speakers. Children were recruited from university-sponsored and community preschools and daycare centers, and from hospital maternity wards. Adults were university students who participated to partially fulfill course requirements for research participation. Sociometric data were collected only in Chapter IX, and are fully reported there. In Chapter III, minor alterations in task procedures produced wide variations in children's performance in 3-option false-belief tasks. In Chapter IV, we report findings which show that the developmental lag between children's understanding ignorance and understanding false belief is longer than the lag reported in previous studies. In Chapter V, children did not distinguish between agents who have false beliefs versus agents who have no beliefs. In Chapter VI, findings showed that children found it no easier to reason about true beliefs than to reason about false beliefs. In Chapter VII, when children were asked to justify their correct answers in false-belief tasks, they did not reference agents’ false beliefs. Similarly, in Chapter VIII, when children were asked to explain agents’ actions in false-belief tasks, they did not reference agents’ false beliefs. In Chapter IX, children who were identified as using PAR differed from children who understood beliefs along three dimensions—in levels of social development, inhibitory control, and kindergarten adjustment. Although the findings need replication and additional studies of alternative interpretations, the collection of results reported in this monograph challenges the prevailing view that representational ToM is in place by the end of the preschool years. Furthermore, the pattern of findings is consistent with the proposal that PAR is the developmental precursor of representational ToM. The current findings also raise questions about claims that infants and toddlers demonstrate ToM-related abilities, and that representational ToM is innate.  相似文献   

Children’s first manifestations of cognitive control in the early years school: the importance of the educational situation and materiality     

Moreno-Llanos  Iván  Zapardiel  Laura A.  Rodríguez  Cintia 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2021,36(4):903-922

European Journal of Psychology of Education - Executive functions (EFs) embrace a range of cognitive control processes that allow us to control and direct our own behavior, thoughts, and emotions...  相似文献   

Ties that Bond and Bridge: Exploring Social Capital Among College Students with Foster Care Histories Using a Novel Social Network Instrument (FC-Connects)     

Okpych  Nathanael J.  Gray  Lori A. 《Innovative Higher Education》2021,46(6):683-705

Innovative Higher Education - College students with foster care backgrounds have demonstrably lower graduation rates than peers, and resources obtained through their social networks are vital to...  相似文献   

Is content knowledge pre-requisite of pedagogical content knowledge? An empirical investigation     

Agathangelou  Sofia A.  Charalambous  Charalambos Y. 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2021,24(5):431-458

Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education - Given the scarcity of studies explicitly exploring the often tacit assumption that teachers’ content knowledge (CK) is pre-requisite of pedagogical...  相似文献   

Australian higher education third party arrangements: an independent institute case study     

Austin  Denise A.  Pegram  Nigel  Hodson  Courtney  Hepplewhite  Glenda  Nelson  Belinda 《Tertiary Education and Management》2021,27(3):281-296

Tertiary Education and Management - The marked increase in transnational higher education third party arrangements in recent years represents globalizing forms of education. Third party...  相似文献   

“Doing What I can,but I got no Magic Wand:” A Snapshot of Early Childhood Educator Experiences and Efforts to Ensure Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic     

Crawford  April  Vaughn  Kelly A.  Guttentag  Cathy L.  Varghese  Cheryl  Oh  Yoonkyung  Zucker  Tricia A. 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2021,49(5):829-840

Early Childhood Education Journal - The COVID-19 pandemic impacted early childhood programs serving infants, toddlers, and preschoolers in dramatic ways. After temporarily closing, many educators...  相似文献